LONG-TERM LIABILITIES: FINANCING SOURCES AND THEIR REFLECTION IN ACCOUNTING

Abstract

The present study investigates the significance of long-term financial obligations in corporate capital structure and the procedures through which such obligations are captured in accounting records. Drawing on both International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and Uzbek national accounting regulations, the paper identifies and categorises the principal instruments of long-term debt financing—encompassing bank credits, bond issuances, finance leases, government-backed subsidies, and multilateral development-bank loans. The research further examines foundational measurement principles, including initial fair-value recognition, subsequent measurement at amortised cost, and the application of the effective interest rate (EIR) method prescribed by IFRS 9. Attention is given to the reclassification of the current portion of non-current debt, the capitalisation of borrowing costs on qualifying assets, foreign-currency translation risk, and the accounting implications of debt-restructuring events. Comparative analysis reveals areas of convergence and divergence between IFRS and domestic Uzbek practice. The findings underscore the critical importance of rigorous disclosure for investors, creditors, and regulatory stakeholders