TYPES OF METAPHORS IN MODERN ENGLISH DISCOURSE

Abstract

This study examines the diverse types of metaphors in modern English discourse and their role in shaping meaning, cognition, and communication. Moving beyond the traditional view of metaphor as a purely stylistic device, the research adopts a cognitive linguistic perspective, emphasizing metaphor as a fundamental mechanism of thought. The paper explores key categories of metaphor, including conceptual, structural, orientational, ontological, and personification, as well as conventional, novel, dead, mixed, and extended metaphors. Special attention is given to emerging forms such as multimodal and digital metaphors, which reflect the influence of technological advancement on language use. The study analyzes how metaphors function across different discourse domains, including everyday communication, media, politics, and science, highlighting their persuasive, explanatory, and expressive roles. Furthermore, the research addresses the cultural and cognitive dimensions of metaphor usage, demonstrating how metaphorical expressions both reflect and shape social realities. The findings suggest that metaphors are not only linguistic tools but also cognitive frameworks that structure human experience and interaction. Understanding the types and functions of metaphors contributes to more effective communication, critical discourse analysis, and language teaching practices in modern contexts